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In determining the sizes of the needed pipes for plumbing activities, it is not the physical appearance that is considered. It is also important to determine the external pipe diameters in sizing up pipes. Pipe sizes for plumbing are determined on a unit value where thread per inch is the thread size of a plumbing pipe. When measuring the size of plumbing pipe, the thread per inch and the diameter is taken.

Specific thread types of pipes that shall be used for plumbing projects are set out by the American National Standards institute or the ANSI. In prior years, sizing up of metal pipes were just dependent on their relative diameters. Thus, for the industry to have a standard measurement, they would make specifications based on the external diameters of the pipes. Although a bit similar in terms of plumber pipe sizing, relative thickness of the pipe is put into consideration due to the fact that the material of piping today is no longer made of pure metal or galvanized iron, but more on copper tubes. Hence, today there is what we call the Nominal Pipe Size or the Iron Pipe Size.

There are two types of sizes of plumbing pipes, the Iron Pipe Size (IPS) and the Copper Tube Size or CTS. IPS is based on the length on the pipe associated to its single wall thickness. While CTS or Copper Tube Sizes was formulated because copper pipes have different sizes in terms of its wall thickness apart from the measurements of the length and its diameters. Plumbing pipe sizes has different number of thickness or what we call “schedules”. These schedules are measured with the pipes inside diameter, or the ID, and the outside diameters, or the OD, in relation to the thickness of the walls. In terms of plumbing pipes weights, pipes are called Standard Wall (Std), extra strong wall also called as the XS, and the double extra strength wall also known as XXS. XS plumbing size is also regarded as extra heavy and XXS the double extra heavy ones.

The relative plumbing pipe size to be used would be dependent on the plumbing work or repair that would be done. For pipes that would hold massive amounts of pressure, the plumbing pipe size should be as heavy as possible to allow continuous and unwavering pressure rates. Heavier sizes would also avoid rupture of the pipes and possible leakages. Heavy walled pipes for these purposes are typically smaller in terms of diameter.

For purposes of drainage, waste pipe system and ventilation, plumbing pipe sizes that are relatively thinner and much lighter compared to that of the pressure pipes is required. These pipes would naturally allow the free flow of such materials. The standard residential plumbing pipe sizes are 1 to inch, 2 inches, 3 inches and the 4 inches pipes. The 4 inches soil pipe is most appropriate for disposing solid materials. The 3 inches pipe increases the flowing rate for horizontally inclined piping system that would be very beneficial to avoid clogging problems.

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Some time ago, home and business building structures are fitted with iron pipes coated with zinc or known as galvanized pipes. The galvanized pipes are subject to rust and deterioration when it ages and once it begins to deteriorate it has to be replaced. A homeowner can notice that the pipe is already on its deteriorating stage when water pressure is beginning to drop and filling of washing machines takes a longer time. Most evident in knowing that water pressure has slowed down is when you are taking a bath and noticed water is not in its forceful stream.

The most important factor is when the resident owner observes that the water is leaking from the valve has an odd color and a bad smell is coming out of and, and then the homeowner immediately calls a plumber to replace that rusted pipe. The color change of water is the consequence of dark rust in the electrified pipe and when zinc begins to turn apart from its coating. Thus, the water coming out from that pipe is directly affected and may result in health and fitness problems in your house and so the copper re-piping process of taken in consideration.

If you decide to do the re-piping yourself, then you must be at least knowledgeable of its basic steps. Thus, it is recommended that you research on how to do so. Upon starting out, it is essential that you trace down your system’s existing piping pattern. If you know the whole schematics, it would be a lot easier. You have to ensure that you are sufficient with the other tools and requirements like the required elbows, adapters, threading, and the like. Before using on to the copper pipes, you need to clean such fittings using a flux paste. Flux paste is acid based and also aids in soldering or joining the copper pipes into place. Cleaning the fittings and the pipes is important before you do the soldering.

If you have relatively less experience in soldering, you might want to ask some of the local companies or stores for them to give you an idea and the best techniques if ever. You will need to cut the pipes according to the length requirements of the area to be replaced. Afterwards, you may proceed in soldering the components. You should always counter check your work to avoid problems in the future. That is, hot water pipes should be connected to the hot water source and the cold ones otherwise.

Copper re-piping is a time-consuming home repair and even though you can do it yourself, it is also best to have it done by a professional plumber. The job can be finished by experts in re-piping within a day with a better quality result rather than working it yourself. Numerous companies that specialize in copper re-piping are available to handle this kind of service. It is best to canvass first for some quotations and evaluate the prices offered and the quality of services they have. If you want to be sure that the contractor is licensed, you may check with the proper Bureau in your local area.

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There are two forms of copper piping. There is rigid and there is flexible. The rigid form is what you will find in new homes and is neater to install, yet notably much more difficult than the flexible type. Flexible is best for repair work.

Copper fittings come in three basic types. The first is designed for making bends and turns in your pipe. There are also fittings made for joining or branching your pipe. The third type is couplings and adaptors. You can use fittings for either rigid or flexible piping.

When cutting the pipes, you are going to be using either a common hacksaw or a copper pipe cutter. The hacksaw will leave less burrs inside, making for easier cleanup. You are going to have to use a jig or a meter box to hold the piece steady while you cut. Use a wood block or board with a notch cut into it for this.

After you make your cut, remove the burrs inside. Typically a pipe cutter leaves more burrs than the hacksaw. Be sure to measure enough pipe to allow for the length required for the fittings.

Now that you have made your cuts and have your pieces ready, it’s time to solder them together. Keep your workspace organized and have all the pieces you will need laid out and ready to go. Using your soldering paste, apply it to the piece to be fitted, make sure to use enough but keep it to a thin layer. It will prevent oxidation during the heating process. Using a propane torch, solder the fitting until it flows easily and completely around the pipe.

Take great care not to overheat your pipe or it’s fittings. If you have more than one side to do, do them all together at the same time. To avoid damaging during reheating, use a wet towel to cover the copper piping.

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Copper pipes are now becoming an absolute substitute for metal pipes and galvanized pipes which are commonly used for drainage or water systems in households, industries, buildings and other infrastructures. Copper pipes tend to last longer and doesn’t easily fade out. It is also highly resistant to rusting and corrosion. Durable copper pipes have been the favorite of engineers and individuals for purposes of heating, plumbing, cooling and other systems that require pipes.

The American Society for Testing and Materials or ASTM is the legal government body which guarantees a certain standard of quality of the copper pipes. Producers must exceed certain set disclaimers and requirements established by ASTM and any product not passing the qualification might be rejected. At least 99.9% minimum solid copper composition is necessary in the pipes. The DHP Copper, which is in an annealed state and contains a rust-free phosphorous, tends to be the general mixture used in the composition of pipes, also commonly known as Copper No. 122.

Rigid and flexible pipes are two types of copper pipes which can be associated with its specific application. The smoother and neater ones are the rigid pipes. They are usually used in household piping system due to their much presentable look. The rigid pipes, although it look clean and neat, are harder to install than the flexible one. On the other hand, flexible pipes are excellent in job repairs because it is more suitable for all around piping systems. Some connections are difficult to reach and have more connections that require lesser cuts, flexible pipes are the most appropriate.

Furthermore, copper pipes may be classified according to their thickness. There are the Type K, Type L, and the Type M pipes. The thickest of these three is the K type which is very much ideal for use in projects dealing with high amounts of pressure. It is typical for deep underground tube requirements such as hydrants and underground public utility systems. It is very much resistant to rusting or corrosion due to high concentrations of protective coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve. The Type L copper pipes are relatively thinner walled. This is typically suitable for household and commercial piping systems. This type of pipe can handle generic water supply pressures and other common applications. The last type is the M Type copper pipe which has the thinnest wall sections. They are commonly aided for the more condensate and local drain piping system. This type of copper pipe is not suitable for use in water supply piping system.

In deciding what type of copper pipe should be used for a particular project, it is also necessary to determine the pipe’s temper. Temper in piping refers to the tubes relative durability or strength. In joining or fitting the copper pipes, soldering or brazing is required especially for the copper pipe types with a harder temper. At times, soft and hard tempers may also be joined by mechanical joints that may be implemented even without the use of heat, solders, or braze.

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